The bird flu strain affecting US dairy herds may find pathways into Europe through wild bird migration and select imports, EFSA warns. The agency highlights the importance of early detection in key migratory hotspots and vigilance in trade controls.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has warned that the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) genotype currently circulating in US dairy cows could potentially enter Europe. While the virus has so far only been reported in the United States, EFSA’s latest assessment outlines two main routes of concern: wild bird migration and trade in raw milk products from affected US regions.

Seasonal migration routes that pass through high-density bird areas such as Iceland, the British Isles, western Scandinavia, and the Wadden Sea wetlands could provide early detection opportunities. EFSA suggests these areas be monitored closely during migration periods.

The report also considers trade-related risks. While stringent EU regulations make the importation of meat and live animals unlikely sources, EFSA notes that “the importation of products with raw milk from affected areas in the USA cannot be completely excluded.”

According to EFSA, the virus has spread among 981 dairy herds across 16 US states between March 2024 and May 2025. Factors contributing to the outbreak include cattle movement, shared equipment, and poor biosecurity. A further EFSA assessment is expected by year-end to evaluate the potential impact in Europe and recommend preventive measures.